- emotional expression - positive or negative
- need for attention - an innate human need
- goal directed
- self-stimulation - aware or non-aware
Need-Driven Reasons for Calling Out
- physical pain
- mental pain and depression
- loneliness or deep anxiety
- frustration
- disorientation
- need for comfort
- need for escape
Verbal Disruption in Dementia has been Associated with
- decline in cognition
- frontal lobe atrophy
- loss of activities fo daily living
- poor functional status
- female gender
- social isolation and lack of activity
- over stimulation
- depression
- chronic pain
- attempt at communication
Common Antecedents for Vocalizations
- overstimulation
- under stimulation, sensory deprivation
- immobility, restricted movement
- pain, discomfort
- fatigue
- psychotic symptoms
- depression
- psychological distress
- caregiver behaviour
- environmental factors
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